United front (China)

United Front
United Front
Simplified Chinese	统一战线
Traditional Chinese	統一戰綫
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Tǒngyī Zhànxiàn
Socialist United Front
Simplified Chinese	社会主义统一战线
Traditional Chinese	社會主義統一戰綫
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Shèhuìzhǔyì Tǒngyī Zhànxiàn
Patriotic United Front
Simplified Chinese	爱国(主义)统一战线
Traditional Chinese	愛國(主義)統一戰綫
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Aiguó(zhǔyì) Tǒngyī Zhànxiàn
People's Democratic United Front; (1945–1966)
Simplified Chinese	人民民主统一战线
Traditional Chinese	人民民主統一戰綫
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Rénmín Mínzhǔ Tǒngyī Zhànxiàn
Revolutionary United Front; (1966–1978)
Simplified Chinese	革命统一战线
Traditional Chinese	革命統一戰綫
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Gémìng Tǒngyī Zhànxiàn

The united front^[a] is a political strategy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) involving networks of groups and key individuals that are influenced or controlled by the CCP and used to advance its interests. It has historically been a popular front that has included eight legally-permitted political parties and people's organizations which have nominal representation in the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).^[3] Under CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, the united front and its targets of influence have expanded in size and scope.^[4]^[5]^[6]

United front organizations are managed primarily by the United Front Work Department (UFWD), but the united front strategy is not limited solely to the UFWD. All CCP cadres are required to engage in "united front work".^[7] CPPCC is considered to be the highest-ranking united front organization, being central to the system. Outside of China, the strategy involves numerous front organizations, which tend to obfuscate or downplay any association with the CCP.^[8]^[9]^[10]

^ 1954 Constitution, http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/26/content_4264.htm Archived 16 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine
^ 1975 Constitution: http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/06/content_4362.htm Archived 5 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine ; 1978 Constitution: http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/06/content_4365.htm Archived 29 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
^ "The United Front in Communist China" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. May 1957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
^ Groot, Gerry (19 September 2016), Davies, Gloria; Goldkorn, Jeremy; Tomba, Luigi (eds.), "The Expansion of the United Front Under Xi Jinping" (PDF), The China Story Yearbook 2015: Pollution (1st ed.), ANU Press, doi:10.22459/csy.09.2016.04a, ISBN 978-1-76046-068-6, archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2017, retrieved 31 August 2020
^ Joske, Alex (9 June 2020). "The party speaks for you: Foreign interference and the Chinese Communist Party's united front system". Australian Strategic Policy Institute. JSTOR resrep25132. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
^ Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (12 July 2019). "The Chinese Influence Effort Hiding in Plain Sight". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Joske, Alex (22 July 2019). "The Central United Front Work Leading Small Group: Institutionalising united front work". Sinopsis. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
^ Hamilton, Clive; Ohlberg, Mareike (2020). Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party Is Reshaping the World. New York: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78607-784-4. OCLC 1150166864.
^ Yoshihara, Toshi; Bianchi, Jack (1 July 2020). "Uncovering China's Influence in Europe: How Friendship Groups Coopt European Elites". Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[1] 1954 Constitution, http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/26/content_4264.htm Archived 16 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine

[2] 1975 Constitution: http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/06/content_4362.htm Archived 5 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine ; 1978 Constitution: http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/06/content_4365.htm Archived 29 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine

[4] "The United Front in Communist China" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. May 1957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

[5] Groot, Gerry (19 September 2016), Davies, Gloria; Goldkorn, Jeremy; Tomba, Luigi (eds.), "The Expansion of the United Front Under Xi Jinping" (PDF), The China Story Yearbook 2015: Pollution (1st ed.), ANU Press, doi:10.22459/csy.09.2016.04a, ISBN 978-1-76046-068-6, archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2017, retrieved 31 August 2020

[6] Joske, Alex (9 June 2020). "The party speaks for you: Foreign interference and the Chinese Communist Party's united front system". Australian Strategic Policy Institute. JSTOR resrep25132. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

[7] Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (12 July 2019). "The Chinese Influence Effort Hiding in Plain Sight". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020.

[:0-8] Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[9] Joske, Alex (22 July 2019). "The Central United Front Work Leading Small Group: Institutionalising united front work". Sinopsis. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.

[10] Hamilton, Clive; Ohlberg, Mareike (2020). Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party Is Reshaping the World. New York: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78607-784-4. OCLC 1150166864.

[:2-11] Yoshihara, Toshi; Bianchi, Jack (1 July 2020). "Uncovering China's Influence in Europe: How Friendship Groups Coopt European Elites". Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.

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